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Thomism

Thomism refers to the philosophical and theological teachings of Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), a Dominican friar, theologian, and Doctor of the Church. Aquinas was a pivotal figure in the development of Scholasticism, a medieval school of thought that sought to reconcile Christian theology with classical philosophy, particularly the works of Aristotle.

Key aspects of Thomism include:

1. Natural Theology
 Aquinas believed that reason and faith are compatible, and he argued for the existence of God through natural theology. He famously formulated five proofs for the existence of God, known as the "Five Ways," based on reason and observation of the natural world.

2. Metaphysics
 Aquinas's metaphysical system is based on the concept of "act and potency," which he used to explain the nature of being and change. According to Aquinas, all beings have both actuality (act) and potentiality (potency), and God is the pure act without any potentiality.

3. Ethics
 Aquinas's ethical theory is based on natural law, which he believed is derived from human nature and is known through reason. He argued that the highest good for humans is to pursue happiness by living a virtuous life in accordance with the natural law.

4. Epistemology
 Aquinas's epistemology emphasizes the role of reason in acquiring knowledge, while also acknowledging the limits of human understanding. He believed that reason could lead to knowledge of God and the natural world, but that faith is necessary for knowledge of divine mysteries.

Thomism has had a profound influence on Western philosophy and theology, shaping the thought of many Catholic scholars and philosophers. It continues to be studied and debated in academic and theological circles today.

The place of Thomism in political science

Thomism has had a significant impact on political science, particularly in the areas of natural law theory and political philosophy. 

1. Natural Law Theory
 Thomistic natural law theory asserts that there is a rational basis for morality and ethics that is accessible to human reason. According to this view, there are certain fundamental principles of justice and morality that are inherent in human nature and can be known through reason. This concept has influenced political thought by providing a basis for critiquing and evaluating political systems and laws.

2. Political Philosophy
 Thomistic political philosophy emphasizes the importance of the common good and the moral duty of rulers to govern justly. Thomas Aquinas argued that the primary goal of government should be to promote the common good, which he defined as the well-being and flourishing of all members of society. This idea has influenced discussions on the role and purpose of government in political theory.

3. Just War Theory
Aquinas's teachings on just war have also had an impact on political science and international relations. Aquinas argued that war could be justified under certain conditions, such as self-defense or the defense of others. His criteria for a just war, including the requirement of a legitimate authority and a just cause, have been influential in discussions on the ethics of war and conflict.

In all, Thomism has contributed to political science by providing a philosophical framework for understanding the nature of political authority, the principles of justice, and the moral foundations of government.

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